Telugu Vallaku Boothu Kathalu

High-frequency trading, programs analyze market data to capture trading opportunities that may open up for only a fraction of a second to several hours.High-frequency trading uses computer programs and sometimes specialised hardware to hold short-term positions in equities, options, futures, ETFs, currencies, and other financial instruments that possess electronic trading capability.High-frequency traders compete on a basis of speed with other high-frequency traders, not long-term investors, and compete with each other for very small, consistent profits.As a result, high-frequency trading has been shown to have a potential Sharpe ratio thousands of times higher than the traditional buy-and-hold strategies. By 2010 high-frequency trading accounted for over 70% of equity trades taking place in the US and was rapidly growing in popularity in Europe and Asia. Aiming to capture just a fraction of a penny per share or currency unit on every trade, high-frequency traders move in and out of such short-term positions several times each day. Fractions of a penny accumulate fast to produce significantly positive results at the end of every day.High-frequency trading firms do not employ significant leverage, do not accumulate positions, and typically liquidate their entire portfolios on a daily basis.One financial industry source claims algorithmic trading, including high-frequency trading, substantially improves market liquidity.An academic study shows additional benefits, including lowering the costs of trading,increasing the informativeness of quotes,improved linkage between markets,and other positive spillover effects, at least in quiescent or stable markets; the authors of this study also note that "it remains an open question whether algorithmic trading and algorithmic liquidity supply are equally beneficial in more turbulent or declining markets...algorithmic liquidity suppliers may simply turn off their machines when markets spike downward.Also noteworthy is that HFT only takes place in markets that are already deemed liquid, hence calling its necessity into question.

Electronic trading platform is a computer system that can be used to place orders for financial products over a network with a financial intermediary. This includes products such as shares, bonds, currencies, commodities and derivatives with a financial intermediary, such as a brokers, market makers, Investment banks or stock exchanges. Such platforms allow electronic trading to be carried out by users from any location and are in contrast to traditional floor trading using open outcry and telephone based trading.The first electronic trading platforms were typically associated with stock exchanges and allowed brokers to place orders remotely using private dedicated networks and dumb terminals. Early systems would not always provide live streaming prices and instead allowed brokers or clients to place an order which would be confirmed some time later, these were known as 'request for quote' based systems.Trading systems evolved to allow for live streaming prices and near instant execution of orders as well as using the internet as the underlying network meaning that location became much less relevant. Some electronic trading platforms have built in scripting tools and even APIs allowing traders to develop automatic or algorithmic trading systems and robots, which have been used by high frequency traders.The client graphical user interface of the electronic trading platforms can be used to trade currencies, equities, future, or options and are also sometimes called trading turrets.

Retail foreign exchange trading is a small segment of the large foreign exchange market. In 2007 it had been speculated that volume from retail foreign exchange trading represents 5 percent of the whole foreign exchange market which amounts to $50–100 billion in daily trading turnover. The retail foreign exchange market has been growing. In general retail customers are able to trade spot currencies. Due to the increasing tendency in the past years of the gradual shift from traditional intrabank 'paper' trading to the more advanced and accurate electronic trading, there has been spur in software development in this field. This change provided different types of trading platforms and tools intended for the use by banks, portfolio managers, retail brokers and retail traders.Social trading is the process through which online financial investors rely mostly on user generated financial content gathered from various Web 2.0 applications as the major information source for making financial trading decisions.Social trading introduces a new way of analyzing financial data. Until recently investors and traders were relying on fundamental and technical analysis to form their investment decisions. Now they can weave into their investment decision process social indicators that are fueled by a transparent real-time trading data feed of all the users in the social trading network.This is now being introduced as social financial analysis. Social trading has also been associated with a variety of online social trading networks.These social trading networks can be considered a subcategory of online social networks.

Electronic trading, sometimes called etrading, is a method of trading securities such as stocks, and bonds, foreign exchange or financial derivatives electronically. Information technology is used to bring together buyers and sellers through electronic trading platform and networks to create a virtual market places such as Nasdaq, Nyse Arca and Globex which are also known as electronic communications networks or ECNs.Electronic trading, sometimes called etrading, is a method of trading securities such as stocks, and bonds, foreign exchange or financial derivatives electronically. Information technology is used to bring together buyers and sellers through electronic trading platform and networks to create a virtual market places such as Nasdaq, Nyse Arca and Globex which are also known as electronic communications networks or ECNs.Electronic trading platforms typically stream live market prices on which users can trade and may provide additional trading tools, such as charting packages, news feeds and account management functions. Some platforms have been specifically designed to allow individuals to gain access to financial markets that could traditionally only be accessed by specialist trading firms such as allowing margin trading on forex and derivatives such as contract for difference. They may also be designed to automatically trade specific strategies based on technical analysis or to do high-frequency trading.

Foreign Exchange Market Turnover As per the Triennial Central Bank Survey by the Bank for International Settlements on “Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity”, global foreign exchange market activity rose markedly between 2009 and 2010. The strong growth in turnover may be attributed to two related factors. First, the presence of clear trends and higher volatility in foreign exchange markets between 2001 and 2004 led to trading momentum, where investors took large positions in currencies that followed persistent appreciating trends. Second, positive interest rate differentials encouraged the so-called “carry trading”,investments in high interest rate currencies financed by positions in low interest rate currencies. The growth in outright forwards between 2009 and 2010 reflects heightened interest in hedging. Within the EM countries, traditional foreign exchange trading in Asian currencies generally recorded much faster growth than the global total between 2009 and 2010. Growth rates in turnover for Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee, Indonesian rupiah,Korean won and new Taiwanese dollar exceeded 100 per cent between April 2009 and April 2010. Despite significant growth in the foreign exchange market turnover, the share of most of the EMEs in total global turnover.

Market Efficiency With the exchange rate primarily getting determined by the forces of demand and supply, the issue of foreign exchange market efficiency has assumed importance in India in recent years. Markets are perceived as efficient when market prices reflect all available information, so that it is not possible for any trader to earn excess profits in a systematic manner. The efficiency/liquidity of the foreign exchange market is often gauged in terms of bid-ask spread. The bid-ask spread reflects the transaction and operating costs involved in the transaction of the currency. These costs include phone bills, cable charges, book-keeping expenses and trader salaries, among others. In the spot segment, it may also include the risks involved in holding the foreign exchange. These costs/bid-ask spread are expected to decline with the increase in the volume of transactions in the currency. The finance theory identifies three basic sources of bid-ask spreads: (a) order processing costs, (b) inventory holding costs, and (c) information costs of market making, and each one is influenced by trading volume in a particular manner (Hartmann, 1999). The low and stable bid-ask spread in the foreign exchange market, therefore, indicates that market is efficient with underlying low volatility, high liquidity and less of information asymmetry.

An analysis of the complexities, challenges and vulnerabilities faced by EMEs in the conduct of exchange rate policy and managing volatilities in foreign exchange market reveal that the choice of a particular exchange rate regime alone cannot meet all the requirements. The emerging consensus is that for successful conduct of exchange rate policy, it is essential for countries to pursue sound and credible macroeconomic policies so as to avoid the build-up of major macro imbalances in the economy. Second, it is essential for EMEs to improve the flexibility of their product and factor markets in order to cope and adjust to shocks arising from the volatility of currency markets and swings in the terms of trade in world product markets. Third, it is crucial for EMEs to develop and strengthen their financial systems in order to enhance their resilience to shocks. In addition, a sound and efficient banking system together with deep and liquid capital market contributes to the efficient intermediation of financial flows. This could help prevent the emergence of vulnerabilities in the financial system by minimising unsound lending practices that lead to the build-up of excessive leveraging in the corporate sector and exposure to foreign currency borrowings. Fourth, countries would need to build regulatory and supervisory capabilities to keep pace with financial innovations and the emergence of new financial institutions’ activities, and new products and services, which have complicated the conduct of exchange rate policy. Fifth, policy makers need to promote greater disclosures and transparency.

The evolution of India’s foreign exchange market may be viewed in line with the shifts in India’s exchange rate policies over the last few decades from a par value system to a basket-peg and further to a managed float exchange rate system. During the period from 1947 to 1971, India followed the par value system of exchange rate. Initially the rupee’s external par value was fixed at 4.15 grains of fine gold. The Reserve Bank maintained the par value of the rupee within the permitted margin of ±1 per cent using pound sterling as the intervention currency. Since the sterling-dollar exchange rate was kept stable by the US monetary authority, the exchange rates of rupee in terms of gold as well as the dollar and other currencies were indirectly kept stable. The devaluation of rupee in September 1949 and June 1966 in terms of gold resulted in the reduction of the par value of rupee in terms of gold to 2.88 and 1.83grains of fine gold, respectively. The exchange rate of the rupee remained unchanged between 1966 and 1971.