Telugu Vallaku Boothu Kathalu

In stark contrast to the shrinking physical market, the futures trading on Tocom has experienced significant growth during the 1990s. Before showing you the bar charts, let me go through the general outline of the Tokyo Commodity Exchange.The Tocom is a non-profit membership organisation given the statutory powers by the Commodity Exchange Law of 1950, regulated by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. The Exchange lists precious metals, energy products, and industrial materials like aluminium and rubber. The Tocom has 120 General Members, 44 Associate Members and 68 Broker Members.In precious metals, gold, silver, platinum and palladium futures contracts are traded in Japanese yen for up to 11 months forward. Weight units are 1 kilo in 99.99 gold, 60 kilos in 99.99 silver, half a kilo in 99.9 platinum and 999.5 palladium. Trading is all screen based. The morning session lasts from 9 until 11am Tokyo time, and the afternoon session is from 12:30 till 3:30 pm. It is possible for you to follow the Tocom afternoon session from your office in Delhi or Mumbai.There has been a tremendous growth in trade volume on Tocom over the last 19 years. Last year, Tocom traded just over 20,000 mt of gold, which is about 85 mt per day, equivalent to Japanese annual imports in recent years.

The Euromarket:A major catalyst to the acceleration of Forex trading was the rapid development of the Eurodollar market; where US dollars are deposited in banks outside the US. Similarly, Euromarkets are those where assets are deposited outside the currency of origin. The Eurodollar market first came into being in the 1950s when Russia’s oil revenue - all in dollars - was deposited outside the US in fear of being frozen by US regulators. That gave rise to a vast offshore pool of dollars outside the control of US authorities. The US government imposed laws to restrict dollar lending to foreigners. Euromarkets were particularly attractive because they had far less regulations and offered higher yields. From the late 1980s onwards, US companies began to borrow offshore, finding Euromarkets a beneficial center for holding excess liquidity, providing short-term loans and financing imports and exports.London was, and remains the principal offshore market. In the 1980s, it became the key center in the Eurodollar market when British banks began lending dollars as an alternative to pounds in order to maintain their leading position in global finance. London’s convenient geographical location (operating during Asian and American markets) is also instrumental in preserving its dominance in the Euromarket.Central Banks - The national central banks play an important role in the (FOREX) markets. Ultimately, central banks seek to control the money supply and often have official or unofficial target rates for their currencies. As many central banks have very substantial foreign exchange reserves, their intervention power is significant. Among the most important responsibilities of a central bank is the restoration of an orderly market in times of excessive exchange rate volatility and the control of the inflationary impact of a weakening currency.

Money, in one form or another, has been used by man for centuries. At ?rst it was mainly Gold or Silver coins. Goods were traded against other goods or against gold. So, the price of gold became a reference point. But as the trading of goods grew between nations, moving quantities of gold around places to settle payments of trade became cumbersome, risky and time consuming. Therefore, a system was sought by which the payment of trades could be settled in the seller’s local currency. But how much of buyer’s local currency should be equal to the seller’s local currency? After the end of the second WORLD WAR the western allied powers attempted to solve the problem at the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire in 1944. In the first three weeks of July 1944, delegates from 45 nations gathered at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The delegates met to discuss the postwar recovery of Europe as well as a number of monetary issues, such as unstable exchange rates and protectionist trade policies.During the 1930s, many of the world’s major economies had unstable currency exchange rates. As well, many nations used restrictive trade policies. In the early 1940s, the United States and Great Britain developed proposals for the creation of new international financial institutions that would stabilize exchange rates and boost international trade. There was also a recognized need to organize a recovery of Europe in the hopes of avoiding the problems that arose after the First World War.The delegates at Bretton Woods reached an agreement known as the Bretton Woods Agreement to establish a postwar international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed exchange rates and free trade. To facilitate these objectives, the agreement created two international institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank). The intention was to provide economic aid for reconstruction of postwar Europe. An initial loan of $250 million to France in 1947 was the World Bank’s first act.